Inhibiting adult neurogenesis differentially affects spatial learning in females and males

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis has been implicated in the spatial processing functions of the hippocampus but ablating neurogenesis does not consistently lead to behavioral deficits in spatial tasks. Parallel studies have shown that adult-born neurons also regulate behavioral responses to stressful and aversive stimuli. We therefore hypothesized that spatial functions of adult-born neurons may be more prominent under conditions of stress, and may differ between males and females given established sex differences in stress responding. To test this we trained intact and neurogenesis-deficient rats in the spatial water maze at temperatures that vary in their degree of aversiveness. At standard temperatures (25{degrees}C) ablating neurogenesis did not alter learning and memory in either sex, consistent with prior work. However, in cold water (16{degrees}C), ablating neurogenesis had divergent sex-dependent effects: relative to intact rats, male neurogenesis-deficient rats were slower to escape and female neurogenesis-deficient rats were faster. Neurogenesis promoted temperature-related changes in search strategy in females, but it promoted search strategy stability in males. Females displayed greater recruitment of the dorsal hippocampus than males, particularly at 16{degrees}C. However, blocking neurogenesis did not alter activity-dependent immediate-early gene expression in either sex. Finally, morphological analyses of retrovirally-labelled neurons revealed greater experience-dependent plasticity in new neurons in males. Neurons had comparable morphology in untrained rats but 16{degrees}C training increased spine density, and 25{degrees}C training caused shrinkage of mossy fiber presynaptic terminals, specifically in males. Collectively, these findings indicate that neurogenesis functions in memory are prominent under conditions of stress, they provide the first evidence for sex differences in the behavioral function of newborn neurons, and they suggest possibly distinct roles for neurogenesis in cognition and mental health in males and females.