speedingCARs: accelerating the engineering of CAR T cells by signaling domain shuffling and single-cell sequencing

Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) consist of an extracellular antigen-binding region fused to intracellular signaling domains, thus enabling customized T cell responses against target cells. Due to the low-throughput process of systematically designing and functionally testing CARs, only a small set of immune signaling domains have been thoroughly explored, despite their major role in T cell activation, effector function and persistence. Here, we present speedingCARs, an integrated method for engineering CAR T cells by signaling domain shuffling and functional screening by single-cell sequencing. Leveraging the inherent modularity of natural signaling domains, we generated a diverse library of 180 unique CAR variants, which were genomically integrated into primary human T cells by CRISPR-Cas9. Functional and pooled screening of the CAR T cell library was performed by co-culture with tumor cells, followed by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell CAR sequencing (scCAR-seq), thus enabling high-throughput profiling of multi-dimensional cellular responses. This led to the discovery of several CAR variants that retained the ability to kill tumor cells, while also displaying diverse transcriptional signatures and T cell phenotypes. In summary, speedingCARs substantially expands and characterizes the signaling domain combinations suited for CAR design and supports the engineering of next-generation T cell therapies.