Artificial mimicry of seasonal transcriptome dynamics in Arabidopsis thaliana reveals short- and long-term responses to environmental conditions

Plants must respond to various seasonally changing environmental stimuli. In a previous study, seasonally oscillating genes were identified by a massive time-series transcriptome analysis for the wild population of Arabidopsis halleri ssp. gemmifera, a sister species to Arabidopsis thaliana. It was not clear how environmental stimuli shaped the seasonal expression pattern of these seasonally oscillating genes. In this study we show that responses in different time-scales contributed to the formation of seasonal expression patterns for several genes. To analyze the seasonally oscillating genes, we established an experimental system to mimic seasonal expression trends using A. thaliana and a "smart growth chamber mini," a hand-made low-cost small chamber. Arabidopsis thaliana plants were cultured under conditions that mimicked the average monthly temperatures and daylengths under different day-scale incubation. In total, the seasonal trends of 1627 seasonally oscillating genes were mimicked, and they showed varying temporal responses (constant, transient, and incremental) to environmental stimuli. Our results suggest that plants perceive and integrate information regarding environmental stimuli in the field by combining seasonally oscillating genes with different temporal responsiveness.