Distributed and diverse hindbrain neuronal activity contributes to sensory processing and motor control in the Xenopus laevis tadpole

An animals survival depends heavily on the selection and execution of timely and well-coordinated motor responses. The brainstem controls the activity of spinal neural circuits to produce and modify movements. However, important questions remain unanswered about the origin of this descending control and how brainstem neuronal activity integrates sensory inputs and determines motor functions. Here, we record hindbrain extracellular activity in response to trunk skin stimulation, which in turn leads to fictive swimming in the hatchling Xenopus laevis tadpole. We identify four distinct classes of single unit activity, distributed along the hindbrain rostro-caudal axis, whose firing patterns correlate to distinct motor states. We observe different firing patterns in response to stimulation that leads to fictive swimming versus the application of a weak stimulus which does not evoke movement. We identify differences in the temporal activation of the four classes of hindbrain activity in relation to the initiation of fictive swimming. We propose a simple network encompassing the novel neuronal populations embedded within the currently known sensory pathway and central pattern generators of the tadpole brainstem. By identifying the contribution of the individual supraspinal neuronal populations we build a better understanding of how the brain controls and modulates movement.