Salvage of Ribose from Uridine or RNA Supports Glycolysis when Glucose is Limiting

Summary paragraphGlucose is vital for life, serving both as a source of energy and as a carbon building block for growth. When glucose availability is limiting, alternative nutrients must be harnessed. To identify mechanisms by which cells can tolerate complete loss of glucose, we performed nutrient-sensitized, genome-wide genetic screening and growth assays of 482 pooled PRISM cancer cell lines. We report that catabolism of uridine enables the growth of cells in the complete absence of glucose. While previous studies have shown that the uracil base of uridine can be salvaged to support growth in the setting of mitochondrial electron transport chain deficiency (1), our work shows that the ribose moiety of uridine can be salvaged via a pathway we call "uridinolysis" defined as: [1] the phosphorylytic cleavage of uridine by UPP1/2 into uracil and ribose-1-phosphate (R1P), [2] the conversion of R1P into fructose-6-P and glyceraldehyde-3-P by PGM2 and the non-oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway (non-oxPPP), and [3] their glycolytic utilization to fuel ATP production, biosynthesis and gluconeogenesis. Intriguingly, we report that uridine nucleosides derived from RNA are also a substrate for uridinolysis and that RNA can support growth in glucose-limited conditions. Our results underscore the malleability of central carbon metabolism and raise the provocative hypothesis that RNA can also serve as a potential storage for energy.