TNF drives AKI-to-CKD transition downstream of proximal tubule EGFR

Proximal-tubule-cell EGFR activation mediates tubule cell proliferation and repair early after kidney injury, while sustained EGFR activation causes kidney fibrosis. Inflammation is a key driver of AKI-to-CKD transition and fibrosis, but mechanisms of EGFR-driven profibrotic responses are not well understood. In a mouse model of AKI-to-CKD transition and CKD progression, we show that EGFR-inhibition significantly reduced kidney expression of many immunoregulatory molecules already by day two after injury, including the potent inflammatory cytokine tumor-necrosis-factor (TNF). Single nuclei RNA-sequencing analysis showed that macrophages were among the main early cellular sources of TNF in the injured kidney. In vitro, EGFR activation in macrophages increased macrophage TNF expression, while EGFR inhibition in vivo reduced kidney macrophage accumulation, as early as two days after injury. Thus, profibrotic EGFR signaling increases kidney TNF levels both directly and indirectly. TNF inhibition did not alter tubule EGFR activation and in contrast to EGFR inhibition did not reduce early macrophage accumulation in the kidney, suggesting that TNF does not promote early infiltration of immune cells in the kidney, but rather regulates profibrotic functions of kidney and/or immune cells. TNF inhibition with etanercept in vivo in AKI-injured mice downregulated a number of cytokines, including TNF itself. This cytokine downregulation overlapped with EGFR inhibition, and additional non-overlapping downregulated cytokines shared the same functions, predicting that TNF inhibition would prevent AKI-to-CKD transition like EGFR inhibition. Indeed, TNF-inhibition with etanercept reduced AKI-induced fibrosis to the same degree as the EGFR-inhibition, while the combination of both treatments showed no additive effect. In conclusion, our results identify TNF as a downstream effector of profibrotic EGFR activation and motivate the examination of TNF pathway inhibition in human AKI or CKD. Translational statementProximal tubule epidermal-growth-factor (EGFR) activation in mice and likely also in humans drives inflammation in the kidney after acute-kidney-injury (AKI) and causes chronic-kidney-disease (CKD) with fibrosis in a process termed AKI-to-CKD transition. Recent retrospective data shows that patients treated with TNF inhibitors show decreased incidence and progression of CKD. Our current work shows that TNF inhibition in mice is equally as effective as EGFR inhibition in preventing AKI-to-CKD transition and fibrosis. Thus, our results have translational potential and may stimulate examination of short-term TNF inhibition in AKI to prevent AKI-to-CKD transition or possibly of longer-term TNF inhibition in CKD to prevent CKD progression.