Connectivity networks and delineation of distinct coastal provinces along the Indian coastline using large-scale Lagrangian transport simulations

Ocean circulation defines the scale of population connectivity in marine ecosystems, and is essential for conservation planning. We performed Lagrangian transport simulations and built connectivity networks to understand the patterns of oceanographic connectivity along the Indian coastline. In these networks, nodes are coastal polygons and the edges connecting them represent the magnitude of larval transfer between them. We assessed the variation in connectivity networks within and between two monsoonal seasons, across El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) years and for pelagic larval durations (PLD) up to 50 days. We detected well-connected communities, mapped frequent connectivity breaks and ranked coastal areas by their functional role using network centrality measures. Network characteristics did not differ based on the ENSO year, but varied based on season and PLD. Large scale connectance (entire Indian coastline) was small, ranging from 0.5% to 3.4%, and the number of cohesive coastal communities decreased from 60 (PLD <4 days) to 30 (PLD >20 days) with increasing PLD. Despite intra-seasonal variation in connectivity breaks, four disconnected provinces were consistently identified across the entire PLD range, which partially overlapped with observed genetic and biogeographic breaks along the Indian coastline. Our results support the adoption of an adaptive regional management framework guided by fine-scale analysis of connectivity within the four provinces delineated in the present study. A few sites within each province displayed notably higher centrality values than other nodes of the network, but showed variation with season and PLD, and could be targeted for national and transnational conservation and management plans.