Validating a high-throughput tracking system: ATLAS as a regional-scale alternative to GPS

O_LIFine-scale tracking of animal movement is important to understand the proximate mechanisms of animal behaviour. While GPS tracking is an excellent tool for measuring animal movement, trade-offs between tag weight, cost and lifespan limit its application to relatively large species, a small number of individuals or short tracking durations, respectively. The reverse-GPS system - ATLAS - uses lighter, cheaper tags compared to GPS tags, that can also last long periods of time at high sampling frequencies. Six systems are now operational worldwide and have successfully tracked over 50 species in various landscape types. This growing use of ATLAS to track animal movement motivates further refinement of best-practice application and an assessment of its accuracy. C_LIO_LIHere, we test the accuracy and precision of the largest ATLAS system, located in the Dutch Wadden Sea using concurrent GPS measurements as a reference. This large-scale ATLAS system consists of 26 receivers and covers 1326 km2 of intertidal region, with almost no physical obstacles for radio signals, providing a useful baseline for other systems. To measure accuracy, we calculated the distance between ATLAS and GPS location estimates for a route (mobile test) and 16 fixed locations (stationary test) on the Griend mudflat. C_LIO_LIATLAS-derived location estimates differed on average 4.2 m from GPS-estimated stationary test sites and 5.7 m from GPS tracks taken whilst moving between them. Signals that were collected by more receiver stations were more accurate, although even 3-receiver localisations were comparable with GPS localisations ([~]10 m difference). Higher receiver stations detected the tag at longer distances. C_LIO_LIFuture ATLAS users should consider the height of receivers, their spatial arrangement, density and the movement mode of the study species (e.g., ground-dwelling or flying). In conclusion, ATLAS provides an accurate, regional-scale alternative to global GPS-based tracking with which hundreds of relatively small-bodied species can be tracked simultaneously for long periods of time. Our study shows that ATLAS is a valid alternative, providing comparable location estimates to GPS. C_LI