Habitat complexity in organic olive orchards modulates the abundance of natural enemies but not the attraction to plant species

Semi-natural habitat complexity and organic management could affect the abundance and diversity of natural enemies and pollinators in olive orchards. Nonetheless, in such agroecosystems the effect of plant structure, plant richness, and plant attraction on the arthropod fauna has been poorly documented. Here we evaluate the influence of those effects jointly as an expression of arthropod abundance and richness in olive trees, ground cover, and adjacent vegetation within organic olive orchards. For this, we used generalized linear models and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) integrating generalized additive models. Our results suggest that natural enemies and pollinators are mainly attracted to A. radiatus, D. catholica, and L. longirrostris within ground cover and G. cinerea speciosa, Q. rotundifolia, R. officinalis, T. zygis gracilis, and U. parviflorus within adjacent vegetation. Accordingly, habitat complexity showed a positive relationship with the abundance of key families of natural enemies and pollinators but not with the number of taxa. NMDS showed that plant richness and plant arrangement and scattering affected the key families differently, suggesting that each key family responds to their individual needs for plant resources but forming groups modulated by complexity. This pattern was especially seeing in predators and omnivores. Our findings support that the higher the plant richness and structure of a semi natural-habitat within an olive orchard, the higher the abundance and richness of a given arthropod community (a pattern found in natural ecosystems). The information presented here can be used by producers and technicians to increase the presence and abundance of natural enemies and pollinators within organic olive orchards, and thus improve the ecosystem services provided by semi-natural habitats. Graphical abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=55 SRC="FIGDIR/small/429588v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (10K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1937910org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@f1365borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@279a14org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f4a476_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG