Fine-grained temporal mapping of derived high-frequency variants supports the mosaic nature of the evolution of Homo sapiens

As our knowledge about the history of the Homo sapiens lineage becomes increasingly complex, large-scale estimations of the time of emergence of derived variants become essential to be able to offer more precise answers to time-sensitive hypotheses concerning human evolution. Using an open repository of genetic variant age estimations recently made available, we offer here a temporal evaluation of various evolutionarily relevant datasets, such as Homo sapiens-specific variants, high-frequency variants found in genetic windows under positive selection, introgressed variants from extinct human species, as well as putative regulatory variants in various brain regions. We find a recurrent bimodal distribution of high-frequency variants, but also evidence for specific enrichments of gene categories in various time windows, which brings into prominence the 300-500k time slice. We also find evidence for very early mutations impacting the facial phenotype, and much more recent molecular events linked to specific brain regions such as the cerebellum or the precuneus. Additionally, we present a case study of an evolutionarily relevant gene, BAZ1B, and its targets, to emphasize the importance of applying temporal data to specific evolutionary questions. Overall, we present a unique resource that informs and complements our previous knowledge of Homo sapiens evolution using publicly available data, and reinforce the case for the mosaic, temporally very extended nature of the evolutionary trajectory of our species.