Cholesteryl Hemiazelate Induces Lysosome Dysfunction and Exocytosis in Macrophages

OBJECTIVEA key event in atherogenesis is the formation of lipid-loaded macrophages, lipidotic cells, which exhibit irreversible accumulation of undigested modified low-density lipoproteins in lysosomes. This event culminates with the loss of cell homeostasis, inflammation and cell death. In this study we propose to identify the chemical etiological factors and understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for the impairment of lysosome function in macrophages. APPROACH AND RESULTSUsing shotgun lipidomics we have discovered that a family of oxidized lipids (cholesteryl hemiesters, ChE), end products of oxidation of polyunsaturated cholesteryl esters, occurs at higher concentrations in the plasma of two cohorts of cardiovascular disease patients than in the plasma of a control cohort. Macrophages exposed to the most prevalent ChE, cholesteryl hemiazelate (ChA) exhibit lysosome enlargement, peripheral lysosomal positioning, lysosome dysfunction and lipidosis which are irreversible. The transcriptomic profile of macrophages exposed to ChA indicates that the lysosome pathway is deeply affected and is well correlated with lysosome phenotypic and functional changes. Interestingly, the dysfunctional peripheral lysosomes are more prone to fuse with the plasma membrane, secreting their undigested luminal content into the extracellular milieu with potential consequences to the pathology. CONCLUSIONWe identify ChA not only as one of the molecules involved in the etiology of irreversible lysosome dysfunction culminating with lipidosis but also as a promoter of exocytosis of the dysfunctional lysosomes. The latter event is a new mechanism that may be important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.