Widlfire affects circulating hormone levels and the expression of male sexual plumage in a tropical songbird

Natural disturbances like drought and wildfires are expected to increase in prevalence, so understanding how organisms are affected is a key goal for conservationists and biologists alike. While many studies have illustrated long-term effects of perturbations on survival and reproduction, little is known of short-term effects to physiology and sexual signal expression. Ornamental traits have been proposed as reliable indicators of environmental health, yet studies are lacking in the context of natural disturbances. Here we present short-term responses of male Red-backed Fairywrens (Malurus melanocephalus) to wildfire near the onset of the typical breeding season. Males of this species are characterized by plastic expression of sexual plumage phenotypes in their first breeding season. Using two populations with Fairywren captures before and after separate wildfires we illustrate that wildfire suppressed molt into ornamented plumage, including in third year males that typically show little plasticity in ornamentation. Baseline plasma corticosterone was elevated in males sampled after fire, but condition (furcular fat stores) was unaffected. Although testosterone levels did not decrease following fire, we found a positive correlation between testosterone and plumage ornamentation. In addition, males molting in ornamental plumage had higher circulating levels of testosterone than males molting in unornamented plumage following fire. Collectively, these findings suggest that wildfires inhibit or greatly delay acquisition of ornamentation in young males without exerting obvious effects on condition, but rather through subtle effects on testosterone and corticosterone circulation. This natural experiment also reveals that expression of alternative male reproductive phenotypes in this species is sensitive to environmental conditions and more plastic than previously assumed.