Life cycle of Bacillus subtilis population: biofilm life cycle generation and response to environmental pH

Microbial populations are ubiquitous and some form a robust, multicellular structure called biofilm that protects the cells from environmental damage. The dispersion cycle is critical for controlling the population of important target microbes (both pathogenic and beneficial). Here, we show that the hysteresis of Bacillus subtilis cell-type regulation with respect to auto-inducing signal strength triggers the migration cycle of the cell population. We investigate migration cycle and its dependence on environmental conditions by quantitative analysis of cyclically expanding, concentric circular colonies. Next, we construct an input/output model that controls cell types in response to environmental conditions and signal density. On the basis of this model, we propose a migration cycle model for cell populations. The proposed model will widely predict biofilm-related phenomena and provide the basis for the description of highly self-regulating multicellular systems. HighlightsO_LIWe study concentric colonies of B. subtilis that embody the migration cycle. C_LIO_LIExternal pH changes the proportion of migration and growth phases in the cycle. C_LIO_LIWe propose a model of cell and cell population type regulation. C_LIO_LIHysteresis in the model can explain the concentric pattern formation mechanism. C_LIO_LIThe model predicts cell population regulation in response to the environment. C_LI