Genetic Code Evolution Reconstructed with Aligned Metrics

Sequence homology in pre-divergence tRNA species revealed cofactor/adaptors cognate for 16 amino acids derived from oxaloacetate, pyruvate, phosphoglycerate, or phosphoenolpyruvate were related. Synthesis path-distances of these amino acids correlated with phylogenetic depth, reflecting relative residue frequency in pre-divergence sequences. Both metrics were thus aligned in the four sub-families of the Aspartate family, and misaligned in the small Glutamate family; a functional difference was noted and seen to parallel synthetase duality. Amino acid synthetic order, based on path-distances, indicate NH4+ fixer amino acids, Asp1, Asn2, and homologues, Glu1, Gln2, formed the first code. Together with a termination signal, they acquired all four triplet 4-sets in the XAN column (X, 5 coding site; N, any 3-base). An invariant mid-A conformed with pre-code translation on a poly(A) template by a ratchet-equipped ribosome resulting in random, polyanionic polypeptides. Code expansion occurred in a compact (mutation minimizing) columnwise pattern, (XAN) XCN XGN XUN; with increasing mean path-distance, (1.5) 4 5 7 steps; amino acid side-chain hydrophobicity, (+6.6) -0.8 -1.5 -3.2 kcal/ mol; codon:anticodon H bond enthalpy (selection for bond-strength), (-12.5) -17.5 -15.5 -14.5 kcal/ mol; and precursorspecific 5-base, A, oxaloacetate, G, pyruvate/oxaloacetate, U, phosphoglycerate/oxaloacetate, C, oxoglutarate, forming horizontal code domains. Codon bias evidence corroborated the XCN XGN step in expansion, and revealed row GNN coevolved with ANN, on correction for overprinting. Extended surfaceattachment (Fajan-Paneth principle) by pro-Fd[5] and bilayer partitioning by H+ ATPase proteolipid-h1 subunit implicated expansion phase proteins in driving increases in side-chain hydrophobicity during code expansion. 3-Base recruitment in pre-assigned codon boxes added six long (9-to 14-step) path amino acid, bearing a basic, or cyclic, side-chain; 3 of 4 polar, post-expansion amino acids acquired polar cluster NAN codons and 2 of 3 non-polar (Ile7 included) acquired non-polar cluster NUN codons, yieldng a split-box pair homology of p = 5.4x10-3. All eight overprinted codon boxes (GAYR for Asp1, Glu1 included) exhibit weak codon:anticodon H-bond enthalpy, -14 kcal/mol or higher, in three of six distinct code enthalpy states.