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Ral GTPases promote metastasis by controlling biogenesis and organ colonization of exosomes

Shima Ghoroghi; Benjamin Mary; Annabel Larnicol; Annick Klein; Nael Osmani; Ignacio Busnelli; Francois Delalande; Nicodeme Paul; Sebastien Halary; Frederic Gros; Laetitia Fouillen; Anne-Marie Haeberle; Cathy Royer; Coralie Spiegelhalter; Gwennan Andre-Gregoire; Kendelle Murphy; Paul Timpson; Raphael Carapito; Marcel Blot-Chabaud; Julie Gavard; Christine Carapito; Nicolas Vitale; Olivier Lefebvre; Jacky G. Goetz; Vincent Hyenne

2020-07-10 cancer biology
10.1101/2020.07.10.196691 bioRxiv
Show abstract

Cancer extracellular vesicles (EVs) mainly exert pro-tumoral functions by changing the phenotypes of stromal cells to the benefit of tumor growth and metastasis. They shuttle to distant organs and fertilize pre-metastatic niches facilitating subsequent seeding by circulating tumor cells. The levels of tumor secreted EVs correlate with tumor aggressiveness, however, the link between EV secretion mechanisms and their capacity to form pre-metastatic niches remains obscure. Here, we show that GTPases of the Ral family control, through the phospholipase D1, multi-vesicular bodies homeostasis and thereby tune the biogenesis and secretion of pro-metastatic EVs. RalA and RalB promote lung metastasis in a syngeneic mouse model. Importantly, EVs from RalA or RalB depleted cells have limited organotropic capacities in vivo and, as a consequence, are less efficient in promoting lung metastasis. RalA or RalB modulate the EV levels of the adhesion molecule MCAM/CD146, which mediates lung colonization. Finally, RalA and RalB, but also MCAM/CD146, are factors of poor prognosis in human breast cancer patients. Altogether, our study identifies Ral GTPases as central molecules linking the mechanisms of EVs secretion, cargo loading to their capacity to disseminate and induce pre-metastatic niches.

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