Independent and Interacting Value Systems for Reward and Information in the Human Prefrontal Cortex

Theories of Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) as optimizing reward value have been widely deployed to explain its activity in a diverse range of contexts, with substantial empirical support in neuroeconomics and decision neuroscience. Theoretical frameworks of brain function, however, suggest the existence of a second, independent value system for optimizing information during decision-making. To date, however, there has been little direct empirical evidence in favor of such frameworks. Here, by using computational modeling, model-based fMRI analysis, and a novel experimental paradigm, we aim at establishing whether independent value systems exist in human PFC. We identify two regions in the human PFC which independently encode distinct value signals. These value signals are then combined in subcortical regions in order to implement choices. Our results provide empirical evidence for PFC as an optimizer of independent value signals during decision-making under realistic scenarios, with potential implications for the interpretation of PFC activity in both healthy and clinical population. One Sentence SummaryReward and information value are independently optimized in the Human PFC and are then combined in subcortical regions in order to implement choices.