bHLH11 negatively regulates Fe homeostasis by its EAR motifs recruiting corepressors in Arabidopsis

Iron (Fe) homeostasis is essential for plant growth and development. Many transcription factors play pivotal roles in the maintenance of Fe homeostasis. bHLH11 was identified as a negative transcription factor regulating Fe homeostasis, however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. We generated two loss-of-function bhlh11 mutants which display the enhanced sensitivity to Fe excess, the increased Fe accumulation and the elevated expression of Fe deficiency responsive genes. bHLH11 protein, localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, decreases in response to Fe deficiency. Coexpression assays indicate that bHLH IVc transcription factors (TFs) (bHLH34, bHLH104, bHLH105, and bHLH115) facilitate the nuclear accumulation of bHLH11 protein. Further analysis indicates that bHLH11 represses the transactivity of bHLH IVc TFs towards bHLH Ib genes (bHLH38, bHLH39, bHLH100, and bHLH101). bHLH11 contains two EAR motifs which are responsible for the repression function by recruiting the TOPLESS/TOPLESS-RELATED (TPL/TPRs) corepressors. Correspondingly, the expression of Fe uptake genes increases in the tpr1 tpr4 tpl mutant. Moreover, genetic analysis reveals that bHLH11 has functions independent of FIT. This study provides insights into the complicate Fe homeostasis signaling network. One-sentence summarybHLH IVc proteins promote the bHLH11 protein accumulation in the nucleus where bHLH11 inhibits the transcriptional activation ability of bHLH IVc via its EAR motifs recruiting the TOPLESS/TOPLESS-RELATED corepressors.