Brain structures associated with reading and their abnormalities in dyslexia: a wholebrainanalysis

Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder, which often has a devastating influence on the individuals academic achievement and career. Research on the neural origins of DD has continued for half a century, yielding, however, inconsistent results. The current study was set out to determine abnormalities of grey and white matter volumes in adults with DD and to shed light on neural architectures associated with reading and related skills. To this end, we conducted a whole-brain voxel based morphometry following current recommendations on analysis approaches, coupled with rigorous neuropsychological testing, to characterize the associations between neuroanatomy and skills vital for reading in DD. We found decreased volumes of grey matter in DD, comprising a left-hemispheric network including superior temporal and inferior frontal gyri, insula, the limbic system, and basal ganglia, and white matter, including the right middle temporal gyrus and hippocampus, as well as the right precuneus. These results are both consistent with the most robust previous findings on cortical abnormalities in DD and yield novel insight to the role of subcortical structures in DD, scarcely studied so far. Crucially, areas with decreased grey matter in DD overlapped with brain areas associated with technical reading skills. This supports the conclusion that the grey matter regions that we identified to have a low volume in DD are associated with the core areas vital for reading.