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Viral channelrhodopsins: calcium-dependent Na+/K+ selective light-gated channels

Zabelskii, D.; Alekseev, A.; Kovalev, K.; Oliveira, A.-S.; Balandin, T.; Soloviov, D.; Bratanov, D.; Volkov, D.; Vaganova, S.; Astashkin, R.; Chizhov, I.; Yutin, N.; Rulev, M.; Popov, A.; Rokitskaya, T.; Antonenko, Y.; Rosselli, R.; Rodriguez-Valera, F.; Armeev, G.; Shaitan, K.; Bueldt, G.; Vivaudou, M.; Kirpichnikov, M.; Koonin, E. V.; Bamberg, E.; Gordeliy, V.

2020-02-15 biophysics
10.1101/2020.02.14.949966 bioRxiv
Show abstract

Phytoplankton is the base of the marine food chain, oxygen, carbon cycle playing a global role in climate and ecology. Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses regulating the dynamics of phytoplankton comprise genes of rhodopsins of two distinct families. We present a function-structure characterization of two homologous proteins representatives of family 1 of viral rhodopsins, OLPVR1 and VirChR1. VirChR1 is a highly selective, Ca2+-dependent, Na+/K+- conducting channel and, in contrast to known cation channelrhodopsins (ChRs), is impermeable to Ca2+ ions. In human neuroblastoma cells, upon illumination, VirChR1 depolarizes the cell membrane to a level sufficient to fire neurons. It suggests its unique optogenetic potential. 1.4 [A] resolution structure of OLPVR1 reveals their remarkable difference from the known channelrhodopsins and a unique ion-conducting pathway. The data suggest that viral channelrhodopsins mediate phototaxis of algae enhancing the host anabolic processes to support virus reproduction, and therefore, their key role in global phytoplankton dynamics.

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