Dynamics of sphingolipids and the serine-palmitoyltransferase complex in oligodendrocytes during myelination.

Myelin is a unique, lipid-rich membrane structure that accelerates neurotransmission and supports neuronal function. Sphingolipids are critical components of myelin. Here we examined sphingolipid synthesis during the peak period of myelination in the postnatal rat brain. Importantly, we made measurements in isolated oligodendrocytes, the myelin-producing cells in the central nervous system. We analyzed sphingolipid distribution and levels of critical enzymes and regulators in the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway, with a focus on the serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) complex, the rate-limiting step in this pathway. During myelination levels of the major SPT subunits increased and oligodendrocyte maturation was accompanied by extensive alterations in the composition of the SPT complex. These included changes in the relative levels of alternate catalytic subunits, SPTLC2 and -3, the relative levels of isoforms of the small subunits ssSPTa and -b, and in the isoform distribution of the SPT regulators, the ORMDLs. As myelination progressed there were distinct changes in both the nature of the sphingoid backbone and the N-acyl chains incorporated into sphingolipids. The distribution of these changes among sphingolipid family members indicates that there is selective channeling of the ceramide backbone towards specific downstream metabolic pathways during myelination.