Genetic control of leaf carbon- and water-related traits in grapevine under greenhouse and field conditions

Understanding the genetic architecture of ecophysiological traits related to carbon gain and water loss is crucial to develop cultivars tolerant to abiotic stresses and that maintain productivity in the context of climate change. This can be achieved both through experiments in the greenhouse on potted plants under controlled conditions and in the field. However, the stability of genetic determinism of ecophysiological traits across environmental conditions has rarely been evaluated. We studied a grapevine diversity panel grown both in a greenhouse and in the field, to investigate the impact of growing conditions on leaf ecophysiological traits related to leaf morphology, fluorescence, gas exchange and water use efficiency. The correlation structure between traits was conserved within each environment even though, for most traits, cultivars ranking was not conserved between both environments. However, a set of cultivars, sharing the same functioning pattern in terms of gas exchange and fluorescence in both environments, was identified. Single- and multi-environment Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS), based on a dense genotyping matrix, were used to dissect the genetic architecture of leaf traits. The Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) identified through single-environment analyses differed substantially from those detected using multi-environment ones. Multi-environment approaches highlighted shared QTLs across environments for gas exchange and fluorescence traits. Candidate genes associated with carbon- and water-related functions were further identified in these genomic regions. Despite the weak correlation between greenhouse and field trait values, combining both environments enabled the identification of robust genetic regions associated with ecophysiological traits of interest.