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Prefrontal EEG Delta-Beta Coupling Marks Depressed State in Adult Siblings

Elhamiasl, M.; Li, L. Y.; Maldonado Osorio, F. A.; Rappaport, B. I.; Shankman, S. A.; Alekseichuk, I.

2026-10-02 psychiatry and clinical psychology
10.64898/2026.10.01.26364438 medRxiv
Show abstract

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is marked by disorganization in electrophysiological brain networks, yet it remains unclear whether such disorganization reflects the state-dependent pathological effects or a trait-like vulnerability. We analyzed resting-state electroencephalographic (EEG) delta-beta phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) in two sibling cohorts. Current-MDD families included individuals with current MDD and their currently unaffected siblings (n=36), and remitted-MDD families comprised individuals with remitted MDD and their lifetime unaffected siblings (n=110). Delta-Betahigh PAC was significantly elevated (pcorr[≤]0.05) over the left-medial frontal region in participants with current MDD relative to their unaffected siblings. In the remitted-MDD families, no significant differences were observed. Regrouping all individuals irrespective of family ties into current MDD, remitted MDD, and never-depressed controls confirmed significantly elevated frontal delta-Betahigh PAC at rest in the current-MDD subgroup compared to other subgroups. Overall, delta-Betahigh coupling reflects the depressive state rather than a trait-like or familial vulnerability.

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