Environmental etiology of psychotic experiences in Ethiopia: Effects of khat use, trauma load and seasonality
Odenwald, M.; Oetzel, L.; Atkinson, H. F. G. A.; Widmann, M.; Mekonnen, Z.; Soboka, M.; Mueller-Bamouh, V.; Suleman, S.; Tessema, F.; Toennes, S. W.; Mattheisen, M.; Schulze, T. G.; Tesfaye, M.; Adorjan, K.
Show abstract
In Ethiopia, khat (Catha edulis) leaves, containing amphetamine-like alkaloids, are chewed for their psycho-stimulating effects. Khat use has been associated with psychosis. In a psychosis etiology framework, we investigated whether season, fluctuations of khat availability and khat use are associated with khat-induced psychotic experiences and whether trauma load moderates this association. In Southwestern Ethiopia, a cohort of 685 men aged 18-40 years were interviewed twice, during dry and after rainy season (low vs. high khat availability). Khat use was assessed by urine immunoassay and self-report. Trauma load and psychotic experiences were assessed by trained local interviewers. Khat use increased after the rainy season (p < 0.0001). Khat use and seasonality predicted khat-induced psychotic experiences. Main findings comprise increased odds of psychotic experiences among immunoassay-positive individuals with high trauma load. A potential additional interaction with recent trauma emerged. Findings support sensitization-related mechanisms but require replication in larger samples with longer follow-up.
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