Multiplexed hormone immunoassays for women's health on a regenerable silicon photonic chip

Hormone dynamics are central to a multitude of conditions in women's health; however, limitations in the cost, convenience, and multiplexing capacity of current hormone assays preclude routine longitudinal hormone testing. This limitation severely restricts our understanding in this historically neglected field, presenting a need for improved bioanalytical tools to support hormone-informed care. Silicon photonic resonator sensors have excellent multiplexing capacity and scalable fabrication, and offer strong potential to meet this important need. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, multiplexed silicon photonic detection of two urinary hormone biomarkers, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG), using sub-wavelength grating ring resonators and a polydopamine-based, regenerable surface chemistry. We combine a sandwich immunoassay for FSH and an antigen-down competitive immunoassay for PdG on the same chip, both amplified using a commercially available quantum-dot-streptavidin conjugate and with on-chip regeneration over multiple measurement cycles. In artificial urine, this proof-of-principle multiplexed assay achieves limits of detection of 0.594 ng/mL for FSH and 19.1 ng/mL for PdG. This architecture is inherently scalable to tens of hormone targets on a millimetre-scale chip (a >10x multiplexing improvement over typical lateral-flow immunoassays) enabling future low-cost, quantitative at-home hormone panels that could transform research, diagnostics, and treatment in women's health.