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The hydrocup: a hollow electrospun scaffold for in vivo hydrogel-laden cell delivery

Boaventura Gomes, D.; Zonderland, J.; Vermeulen, S.; Rezzola, S.; Henriques Ferreira Lourenco, A.; van Beurden, D.; Venema, J.; Liu, H.; Peters, M.; Emans, P.; Bouvy, N.; Rademakers, T.; Wieringa, P.; Camarero-Espinosa, S.; Moroni, L.

2026-09-22 bioengineering
10.64898/2026.09.19.752872 bioRxiv
Show abstract

For regenerative medicine applications, transplanted cells are difficult to retain in a specific place to maximize the localized release of cytokines, which can positively modulate immune responses, angiogenesis and tissue regeneration. Here, we developed a hollow electrospun (ESP) scaffold with one open and one closed end to enclose a hydrogel laden with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs); we termed this combination the hydrocup. hMSCs remained viable for 28 days in vitro and released functional cytokines similar to hMSCs in transplanted but non-enclosed hydrogels. The hydrocups remained intact and fixed in place for 6 weeks after subcutaneous implantation in rats, demonstrating in vivo compatibility. These results demonstrate that the hydrocup is the first, to our knowledge, cell-laden hydrogel delivery scaffold. This innovation could be developed for a wide variety of cell-based cytokine secretion or drug-laden hydrogel applications.

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