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De novo design of protease-activatable cytokine prodrugs

Shin, H.; Tello, J. G.; Kim, C. J.; Chun, J.-H.; Peprah, F.; Parent, B. D.; Atajanova, T.; Mahmud, R. A. I.; Qiang, L.; Aguirre, A. J.; Dougan, S. K.; Dougan, M.; Baker, D.

2026-09-22 bioengineering
10.64898/2026.09.19.752834 bioRxiv
Show abstract

Cytokines can elicit potent antitumor immunity, but their clinical use is often limited by systemic immune activation and dose-limiting toxicity. Protease-responsive masking offers a way to improve selectivity by linking cytokine activity to disease-associated protease cleavage, but current approaches have faced several challenges. Here we describe a de novo protein design strategy for generating protease-activatable cytokine prodrugs that overcomes these challenges. We use this strategy to design and characterize cytokine prodrugs and well-behaved AND-gated split systems that require both target-dependent colocalization and proteolytic unmasking to generate active cytokines. In challenging syngeneic tumor models, our IL-21 prodrugs reduced treatment-associated toxicity while maintaining antitumor efficacy.

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