Evidence of an acetone carboxylation pathway in photoheterotrophic bacteria from the Arctic Ocean

Carboxylases are among the most important enzymes in nature as they catalyze the fixation of inorganic carbon (CO2), a central step in the global carbon cycle. In addition to their well-known function in autotrophic CO2 fixation, many carboxylases play a role in the heterotrophic assimilation of organic compounds. In this study, we provide genomic evidence for an assimilatory carboxylation pathway involved in acetone degradation in photoheterotrophic bacteria from metagenomes collected along a latitudinal transect of the Arctic Ocean. This curious metabolism was linked to a single population of Gammaproteobacteria (Porticoccus arcticus). P. arcticus has a streamlined genome compared to Porticoccus relatives but has maintained a complete acetone carboxylation pathway while acquiring multiple proteorhodopsin genes by lateral gene transfer. Arctic Ocean metatranscriptomes revealed the acetone carboxylase and rhodopsins genes were among the most highly expressed P. arcticus genes in oligotrophic Arctic surface waters. P. arcticus sequences were consistently detected, and often abundant (up to 9%), in a multiyear Arctic Ocean 16S rRNA time-series, supporting its ecological significance in Arctic marine systems. Overall, this work reports a metabolic module (acetone carboxylation) in the ocean that may allow photoheterotrophic bacteria to enhance their biosynthetic capacity via CO2 assimilation.