Cross-attention and language models reveal the interpretability of functional predictions for the human olfactory receptor family

The attention mechanism offers the possibility for data-driven discovery of biological principles. However, for important protein families such as human olfactory receptors, the extent to which attention can associate with biologically meaningful key regions lacks systematic validation. In this study, using human olfactory receptors (ORs) as a model, we constructed CrossVOI, a VOC-OR interaction prediction framework based on protein language models and cross-attention, achieving predictive performance superior to existing methods. Furthermore, we systematically analyzed the attention distributions of CrossVOI and found that attention not only focused on ligand-binding interfaces and evolutionarily conserved sites, but also to some extent identified certain dynamically regulated regions. In summary, we propose CrossVOI, currently the best-performing framework for VOC-OR interaction prediction, and analyze the interpretability of the attention mechanism for human ORs. This study provides insights into the interpretability of protein function prediction methods and is expected to contribute to the exploration of attention mechanisms in biological mechanisms, and provide assistance for large-scale screening and mechanistic analysis of olfactory receptors.