Multiscale intraspecific variation and coordination of hydraulic traits in silver fir

O_LIIntraspecific variability in hydraulic and morphological traits may alter projections of forest vulnerability to climate change. Recognizing multiscale nature is essential, as trait relationships within populations may not reflect those across the species range. C_LIO_LIWe assessed variability in 11 traits in 10 natural populations of Abies alba across environmental and phylogeographic gradients to evaluate potential impacts on drought vulnerability. We quantified trait variation within and among populations, tested effects of climate, phylogeny and local factors, and evaluated trait coordination across scales. C_LIO_LIHydraulic safety traits and wood density showed low variability, indicating strong constraints. In contrast, water-use and efficiency traits were highly variable. Aridity influenced several traits, but reduced variance was detected only for leaf residual conductance and succulence consisted with stabilising selection. Trait coordination was weak within populations than among populations. C_LIO_LIOverall, A. alba combines constrained hydraulic safety traits with variable water use traits. This may buffer drought impacts but limits shifts in hydraulic safety margins, potentially increasing risks of hydraulic failure, especially in humid environments where populations lack the capacity to tolerate prolonged dry periods. Thus, our findings highlight the need to account for scale-dependent trait variability, coordination, and their underlying drivers when predicting species adaptive capacity to drought. C_LI