Mechanical licensing of functional dendritic cell states for enhanced T cell priming

The plasticity of dendritic cell (DC) functional state is a major hurdle in DC therapy, yet how DCs acquire distinct states independent of ontogeny remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that changes in matrix stress relaxation mechanically educate DCs to adopt distinct, persistent functional states even after the removal of mechanical cues. Stem cell-derived DCs cultured in a fast-relaxing environment exhibited enhanced antigen presentation, faster migration, and higher expression of T cell-recruiting chemokines. Slow-relaxing DCs, biased towards pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, were enriched for gene signatures associated with lipid accumulation and stress response. These mechanical responses were conserved across human and murine DCs. Using ovalbumin (OVA) as the model antigen, fast-relaxing DCs elicited a CD8+-biased response in vitro, with higher antigen-specific CD8+ T cell activation and proliferation. In vivo adoptive cell transfer of mechanically educated DCs demonstrated that the fast-relaxing matrix licensed DCs to induce a potent draining lymph node T cell response with more antigen-specific T cells and higher restimulation potential. We further showed that DCs sensed matrix stress relaxation through PI3K signaling and actin branching, mediated by the concerted signaling of IL-4 and GM-CSF. Together, these findings demonstrate the role of matrix stress relaxation on the functional state of DCs and suggest a novel approach to enhance ex vivo cellular engineering by targeting mechanical signaling. Graphical AbstractStem cell-derived dendritic cells (DCs) generated ex vivo are engineered using biomaterial platform with tunable matrix stress relaxation. Mechanical education of DCs is licensed by cytokine signaling, actin branching, and PI3K signaling. Fast-relaxing DCs exhibit higher antigen presentation and faster migration, which enhances their capacity to prime and activate antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=81 SRC="FIGDIR/small/725170v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (18K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@bb6709org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1698c8eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8adb0dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@336d3a_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG