A Comprehensive Computational Model of the Human head for Designing and Optimizing Visual Brain-Machine Interfaces

Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) for vision restoration require models that accurately simulate the anatomy and electrical properties of visual pathways. However, current models focus only on isolated structures, such as the retina or brain, and overlook surrounding tissues. Here, we present a comprehensive computational model of the human head, incorporating the entire visual pathway--including the eye, optic nerve, and brain--along with critical neighboring tissues such as the orbit, paranasal sinuses, enabling precise simulations. Validation using human and large animal data demonstrated a strong correlation between the simulated and measured electrical potentials. Component elimination analysis revealed that the optimized comprehensive model outperformed simplified versions. The models utility was demonstrated through multiple applications: (1) comparative analysis of electrical neuromodulation technologies for optic neuropathy, revealing the filed intensity limitations of noninvasive approaches and the safety concerns of invasive intraorbital approach; (2) identification of optimal stimulation site, revealing that transnasal stimulation at the optic chiasm outperformed traditional approaches; and (3) in silico design of electrode arrays for optic nerve prosthetics, demonstrating theoretical advantages in invasiveness and visual field coverage compared to existing retinal and cortical prosthetics. This validated and versatile computational resource supports the development of neuromodulation strategies and visual BMI technologies.