The variable wheat stripe rust effector AvrYr7 evades Yr7 recognition through sequence and expression polymorphisms

Introductory paragraphWheat provides about 20% of total dietary calories worldside1. Wheat diseases, including wheat stripe (yellow) rust, cause billions of dollars in losses each year2. Wheat stripe (yellow) rust is caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) which is best controlled by fungicide application and disease resistant wheat cultivars3. To-date, there are over 80 catalogued and >10 cloned yellow rust resistance genes (Yr genes)4. Yet our knowledge of corresponding avirulence (Avr) genes lags far behind5-8. The absence of cloned Avrs reflects Psts complex genome and the lack of robust transformation and genetic systems3. Recent advances in generating high-quality genome assemblies and the development of wheat defense assays have addressed these challenges9-11. Here we clone AvrYr7 which is recognized by Yr712. We further identify six additional alleles of AvrYr7 that escape recognition due to non-synonymous genetic variations, transposable element activity, missense mutation, and expression polymorphism. These findings provide critical insights into virulence evolution in one of the worlds most important wheat pathogens.