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Modality Fusion of MRI and Clinical Data for Glioma Tumour Grading

Kheirbakhsh, R.; Mathur, P.; Lawlor, A.

2026-04-22 health informatics
10.64898/2026.04.20.26351308 medRxiv
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Multimodal machine learning leverages complementary information from diverse data sources and has shown strong promise in medical imaging, where multimodal data is critical for clinical decision making. In glioma grading, integrating MRI modalities with clinical data can improve diagnostic accuracy, yet systematic comparisons of fusion strategies remain limited. This study evaluates early, intermediate, and late fusion approaches, addressing the question: How does the inclusion of clinical data alongside MRI modalities influence grading performance? To assess modality contributions, we design adaptable fusion layers and employ interpretability techniques, including attention-based analysis. Our results show that incorporating clinical data consistently outperforms unimodal and MRI-only baselines, with intermediate fusion yielding the most reliable gains. Beyond accuracy, the framework reveals how MRI and clinical features jointly shape predictions, underscoring the importance of both fusion design and interpretability for clinical adoption.

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