Primary care metronidazole prescription in public and private facilities of South Benin: A register-based cross-sectional study

Background: Metronidazole (MTZ) is a first-line antibiotic for several enteric infections. Its use is common in low-income countries, where most primary-care consultations are conducted by nurses. However, increasing resistance among some enteric pathogens is a growing concern. Using WHO guidelines, we conducted a register-based cross-sectional study to assess MTZ prescribing practices and their determinants in public and private primary healthcare facilities in South Benin. Methods: We performed a register-based cross-sectional study covering the year 2020 in 11 primary healthcare facilities (5 public and 6 private) in Abomey-Calavi, South Benin, following WHO recommendations. In total, 200 visits per facility were selected using systematic random sampling. The primary outcome was the prevalence of MTZ prescription. Determinants of MTZ prescription were identified using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: In total, 2,200 medical visits were analyzed. The median age of patients was 19 years, and 57% were female. Antimalarials were prescribed in 52% of visits. Antibacterial agents were prescribed in the majority of visits, with MTZ being the second most frequently prescribed antibiotic (18%), after aminopenicillins (27%). In multivariable analysis, digestive symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 8.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.49-11.6), genitourinary symptoms (aOR, 6.84; 95% CI, 3.18-15.0), and skin lesions (aOR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.58-3.60) were independently associated with increased odds of MTZ prescription. In contrast, fever (aOR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.49-0.87), respiratory symptoms (aOR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.26-0.71), and malaria (aOR, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.15-0.28) were associated with decreased odds. Visits in the private sector were also associated with higher odds of MTZ prescription compared with the public sector (aOR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.78-3.02). Conclusion: MTZ is the second most commonly prescribed antibiotic in primary care in the study area, with its use largely driven by digestive symptoms. Further studies are needed to assess the appropriateness of this prescription. Additionally, research is warranted to understand better the determinants of higher antimicrobial prescribing in the private healthcare sector.