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End-to-end bimodal anti-counterfeiting by informational DNA nanoparticles

He, T.; Zhuo, B.; Zhao, X.; Hou, F.; Zhao, Z.; Gong, Y.; Cao, J.; Liu, L.; Feng, K.; Tang, J.; Li, S.; Xie, Z.; Li, A.; Wang, H.; Zhao, Q.; Yang, Z.; Luo, Z.; Luo, Z.

2026-04-07 synthetic biology
10.64898/2026.04.06.716834 bioRxiv
Show abstract

The superior stealth properties and high information density make DNA a sought-after candidate in the field of molecular steganography. Here, we developed the InfinMark end-to-end DNA steganography framework for anti-counterfeiting applications by combining the characteristics of both the Internet of Things (IoT) and DNA-of-Things (DoT). InfinMark includes five modules: Information Transcoding, Fingerprint Writing, Nano-encapsulation, Invisible Marking, and Multi-level Rapid Authentication. It ensures precise anti-counterfeiting information reading and writing through a dynamic DNA-compatible transcoding algorithm, achieves seamless embedding by developing scalable nanoparticle manufacture methods, and supports cross-scenario on-site verification, ultimately granting it comprehensive anti-counterfeiting capabilities spanning from source labeling to terminal tracing. By addressing the bottlenecks in IoT and DoT integration, lifecycle tracking, as well on-site product authentication, this research constructs a full-chain bimodal anti-counterfeiting system, thereby showcasing the practical application of informational DNA nanoparticles in various aspects of production and daily life.

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