Back

Proton sponge or membrane fusion? Endosomal escape of siRNA polyplexes illuminated by molecular dynamics simulations

Steinegger, K. M.; Jiang, M.; Link, F.; Winkeljann, B.; Merkel, O. M.

2026-03-16 bioengineering
10.64898/2026.03.13.711661 bioRxiv
Show abstract

To achieve a therapeutic effect, nanoparticles delivering nucleic acids must facilitate endosomal escape (EE) of their cargo. Despite extensive research, the mechanisms that lead to an effective EE are not sufficiently understood. Herein, we utilized Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations in All Atom (AA) and Coarse Grained (CG) resolutions to differentiate the interaction of four polymeric formulations (polyplexes) and one lipid nanoparticle (LNP) with endosomal membranes. On the one hand, the results emphasize the benefit of hydrophobic residues in the nanoparticles. On the other hand, the role of anionic lipids in the biological membranes is demonstrated. Furthermore, the identified interaction patterns were successfully correlated to the in vitro performance of the formulations. For the first time, different EE mechanisms of polyplex formulations are visualized in simulation and therefore distinguishable from one another. Hence, this work highlights the power of MD simulations for taking a big step towards better understanding EE efficiency. TOC O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=107 SRC="FIGDIR/small/711661v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (44K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@abba74org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@5e2b8eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7db144org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1034e_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

Matching journals

The top 11 journals account for 50% of the predicted probability mass.

1
Nano Letters
63 papers in training set
Top 0.2%
10.1%
2
Langmuir
31 papers in training set
Top 0.1%
8.4%
3
The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
158 papers in training set
Top 0.3%
6.3%
4
ACS Nano
99 papers in training set
Top 0.7%
4.8%
5
Journal of Controlled Release
39 papers in training set
Top 0.2%
4.3%
6
Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal
216 papers in training set
Top 1%
3.9%
7
Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
207 papers in training set
Top 1%
3.6%
8
ACS Applied Bio Materials
21 papers in training set
Top 0.1%
3.1%
9
Nanoscale
39 papers in training set
Top 0.1%
2.1%
10
Computers in Biology and Medicine
120 papers in training set
Top 2%
1.9%
11
Pharmaceutics
21 papers in training set
Top 0.2%
1.8%
50% of probability mass above
12
Cell Reports Physical Science
18 papers in training set
Top 0.2%
1.7%
13
ACS Omega
90 papers in training set
Top 2%
1.7%
14
Advanced Science
249 papers in training set
Top 11%
1.7%
15
PLOS Computational Biology
1633 papers in training set
Top 16%
1.7%
16
Small
70 papers in training set
Top 0.5%
1.7%
17
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
12 papers in training set
Top 0.2%
1.5%
18
Nanoscale Advances
13 papers in training set
Top 0.3%
1.5%
19
RSC Advances
18 papers in training set
Top 0.7%
1.5%
20
Advanced Functional Materials
41 papers in training set
Top 1%
1.3%
21
Angewandte Chemie International Edition
81 papers in training set
Top 3%
1.2%
22
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
453 papers in training set
Top 11%
1.2%
23
Biomaterials Science
21 papers in training set
Top 0.4%
1.2%
24
Journal of Molecular Biology
217 papers in training set
Top 3%
1.1%
25
Soft Matter
50 papers in training set
Top 0.3%
0.9%
26
Scientific Reports
3102 papers in training set
Top 69%
0.9%
27
ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering
37 papers in training set
Top 1.0%
0.8%
28
Molecular Pharmaceutics
16 papers in training set
Top 0.5%
0.8%
29
PLOS ONE
4510 papers in training set
Top 66%
0.8%
30
Advanced Therapeutics
15 papers in training set
Top 0.5%
0.7%