Potential acoustic signatures of stress in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens; Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have quickly become one of the most farmed animals in the world. However, little is known about how to monitor stress and welfare in these animals. The difficulty of welfare assessment is compounded by the fact that BSFL live in their feed and prefer darkness. This behaviour makes it challenging to observe potential welfare indicators without inducing stress via disturbing the larvae or moving them into the light. However, acoustic devices may be able to pick up signatures of stress in the population even while they are out of sight, allowing for remote monitoring of animals in natural conditions (in the feed and/or in the dark). Acoustic monitoring of this type has been deployed for the detection of insects in stored grains, suggesting this method holds some promise for assessing insect behavioural signatures. In this study, we aimed to identify general, acoustic signatures of stress in BSFL by recording them during exposure to two stressors (light or shaking) or in a low-stress control condition. Our data suggest there are consistent differences in the acoustic recordings of the non-stressed and stressed conditions that may indicate the animals behaviours shift consistently in response to stress. Ultimately, the data suggest acoustic monitoring may hold promise for larval behaviour and/or welfare assessment and should be further explored in response to a variety of stressors across the larval life stage.