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Dried-bakery waste as a substrate for n-caproate and n-caprylate production via chain elongation: bakeroate

Ntihuga, J. N.; Usack, J.; Mayer, R.; Kinbokun, A. A.; Yesil, H.; Zhou, M.; Angenent, L. T.

2025-12-31 bioengineering
10.64898/2025.12.20.695658 bioRxiv
Show abstract

Bakery waste is a promising feedstock for the circular economy; however, its use for producing medium-chain carboxylates (MCCs) via microbial chain elongation remains unexplored. This study investigated pretreatment, pertraction, and chain elongation strategies to convert bakery waste into n-caproate and n-caprylate. Bakery waste was mechanically and enzymatically processed, and different inocula were tested to optimize the conversion of the resulting glucose-rich solution into lactate and ethanol (intermediates). These intermediates were fed into continuous chain elongation systems, which operated for over 386 days at 37{degrees}C and pH 5.5. Results showed that 30-35% of bakery waste carbon was converted into n-caproate and 10-15% into n-caprylate. Enzymatic starch hydrolysis proved essential, and lactate was a superior intermediate for chain elongation compared to ethanol. A maximum volumetric MCC production rate of 131 mM C L-1 d-1 (0.1 g L-1 h-1) was achieved. This integrated approach, named "bakeraote," demonstrates an efficient pathway for valorizing bakery waste.

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