Natural variation of gibberellin levels in maize tissues across North America

Gibberellins (GA) are endogenous phytohormones that regulate growth and development throughout the plant lifecycle. While GA has been extensively studied under controlled conditions for their fundamental role in plant adaptation and agronomic trait development, field-based data on their natural variation across diverse agricultural genotypes and environments remains limited. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed bioactive gibberellin A1 (GA1) and gibberellin A4 (GA4) across multiple maize hybrids grown in diverse field environments using high-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This study provides comprehensive quantitation of GA1 and GA4 levels in maize tissues across diverse commercial hybrids grown under standard agricultural practices, revealing hormonal variation due to genetic background and environmental conditions. Our findings demonstrate that GA1 and GA4 concentrations from conventional maize samples varied across tissue types and field sites. Analysis of variance components indicated that the site variation was statistically significant at the 5% significance level in five out of ten GA and tissue combinations, while the genetic component was significant only for GA4 in grain samples. Notably, significant interaction between hybrid and site was observed for both GA1 and GA4 in stalk tissue. Positive correlations between GA1 and GA4 were observed consistently across tissues except root. These results underscore the common metabolic pathways involved in regulating GA levels in maize and provide the first comprehensive dataset of GA1 and GA4 variation under real-world agricultural conditions. Our findings offer insights into the interplay between genetics, environment, and hormonal regulation in maize and suggest potential targets for breeding programs aimed at improving agronomic traits such as yield.