Road and landscape-context impacts on bird pollination in a Mediterranean-type shrubland of the southeastern Cape Floristic Region

Road verges can provide important habitats for plants, especially in transformed landscapes. However, roads and their associated traffic have several adverse impacts on ecosystems that can disrupt vital ecological processes, including pollination. In transformed landscapes, road effects on pollination might be complemented by impacts of large-scale habitat modification. In these landscapes, road verge populations of plants that rely on pollinators for pollen transfer could thus be at risk of pollination failure. This study investigates the pollination of a reseeding, bird-pollinated shrub, Erica glandulosa, in road verges of a fragmented and transformed rural landscape in the southeastern Cape Floristic Region. We test for road impacts on pollination by comparing number of ruptured anther rings--a proxy for pollination--in fynbos vegetation fragments at different distances from the road (0-10, 20-30 and 40-50 m). We also test whether different land-cover types (intact fynbos, alien thickets and rangelands/pastures) next to road verges influence the number of ruptured anther rings. After controlling for robbing rate and plant density, fewer flowers were pollinated near the road than farther away, and fewer flowers were pollinated where road verges occurred next to alien thickets or pastures/rangelands compared to intact fynbos. However, bird pollination was not excluded in road verges: on average, ca. 20-30% of flowers were still visited by birds near the road. These findings potentially call into question the suitability of road verges as refugia for seed-dependent, bird-pollinated plant species in transformed landscapes.