Seroprevalence screening of chronic Aspergillus infection in a post-tuberculosis cohort in Senegal: A cross-sectional study comparing ELISA and rapid diagnostic tests.

BackgroundChronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CPA) is a significant, yet often overlooked, sequela of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), particularly in resource-limited settings. Data on the seroprevalence of Aspergillus infection in Senegal is absent, and diagnostic capacity is limited. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Aspergillus-specific antibodies among patients with a history of TB in Senegal and to evaluate the performance of a Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) against an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted at two health centers in Senegal; Wakhinane and Yeumbeul among patients with chronic respiratory symptoms in Senegal. Each participant provided a blood sample tested for Aspergillus antibodies using both an RDT and an ELISA. Results were classified as positive, negative, invalid, or not tested. Prevalence and agreement between the two assays were calculated using valid results only. Demographic data were collected, and descriptive statistics with test performance analyses were conducted. ResultsThe overall seroprevalence was significantly higher by ELISA (11.9%; 38/320) than by RDT (5.5%; 11/200). Site-specific analysis revealed disparities: Wakhinane showed higher RDT positivity (4.5% vs. 1.0%), while Yeumbeul had higher ELISA positivity (13.5% vs. 11.2%). The cohort was predominantly male (66.0%) with a median age of 30 years. ROC analysis of the ELISA identified an optimal threshold that balanced sensitivity (78%) and specificity (89%). ConclusionThis study provides the first serological evidence of substantial Aspergillus antibody prevalence among post-TB patients in Senegal, suggesting a significant burden of undiagnosed CPA. The higher sensitivity of ELISA makes it essential for surveillance and confirmation, while the RDTs practicality offers a viable option for initial screening in peripheral clinics. These findings underscore the urgent need to integrate CPA diagnosis into routine post-TB care and to strengthen fungal diagnostic capacity in West Africa.