Hidden in the cortical folds: Sex-specific sulcal pits patterns in schizophrenia

BackgroundPrenatal brain development represents a vulnerability window for schizophrenia (SZ). To explore early alterations related to the disorder, we examined sulcal pits --lifespan stable cortical landmarks of fetal cortical folding-- as markers of neurodevelopmental differences between SZ patients and healthy controls (HC). MethodsT1-weighted MRI (1.5T) scans were obtained from 426 individuals (237 SZ patients: 173 males, 64 females; 189 HC: 93 males, 96 females). Sulcal pits were identified from white matter cortical surfaces reconstructed using FreeSurfer. Graphs were constructed for each lobe and hemisphere and compared based on different sulcal pits (SP) features: SP-Position, SP-Depth, SP-SurfaceAreaBasin, SP-Topology, and all combined features (SP-Combined). We tested: i) group differences in the sulcal pits heterogeneity between patients and HC; ii) the sulcal pits divergence in patients relative to HC; iii) the association between sulcal pots divergence and Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS) scores; iv) the regional covariation between the sulcal pits heterogeneity differences and transcriptional profiles across lobes using Partial Least Squared regressions (PLS-R). All analyses were performed in the sex-pooled sample and stratified by sex. ResultsPatients showed increased heterogeneity compared to HC across hemispheres, frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. Divergence analyses revealed reduced similarity with respect to HC, in the left frontal SP-Combined in males (negatively correlated with PANSS scores) and right parietal SP-Topology in females. PLS-R showed sex-specific molecular underpinnings related to the identified differences in the heterogeneity of sulcal pits. ConclusionThis study provides novel evidence supporting sulcal pits as early neurodevelopmental markers of structural sex-specific brain variability in SZ.