Organization and triggered release of liposomes with DNA-based synthetic condensates

Cells use a combination of membrane-bound and membrane-less compartments to dynamically orchestrate internal biochemical processes and sustain intracellular communication. Recapitulating the hierarchical integration and interplay between these physically and chemically diverse structures is required to enhance the functionalities of synthetic cells and other advanced biomimetic systems. Here, we describe the use of synthetic DNA condensates to selectively uptake and spatially organize lipid vesicles, interacting with the condensates thanks to cholesterol-DNA anchors. By modulating anchor density, the liposomes can be programmably localized on the surface or interior of the condensates, while base-pairing selectivity can be leveraged to target individual internal domains in multi-phasic condensates. The embedded liposomes can be released by adding a nucleic acid trigger and captured by a second condensate population, thus imitating extracellular vesicles in their ability to support long-range cellular communication. This modular platform demonstrates the potential of DNA-based condensates to program the spatial distribution of membranous subcompartments and to support dynamic cargo-handling capabilities. These features are valuable for engineering cell mimics, microreactors, and delivery systems.