MuPET : Multiphysics and Noise Modelling Approach for Synthetic PET Data Generation - A Methodological Evaluation for 3D Printed Phantom Design

PurposeRobust positron emission tomography (PET) research increasingly requires reliable ground-truth activity distributions, yet clinical data and physical phantoms cannot provide them fully. This work introduces MuPET (multiphysics PET), a computational framework that bridges mass-transport physics simulation with image domain noise modeling to generate realistic, synthetic PET images. MethodsTracer transport and radioactive decay within a custom phantom geometry were modeled via decay diffusion physics. The simulated activity concentrations were converted into PET equivalent count maps, followed by a pseudo-Poisson noise model calibrated to scanner-specific characteristics. MuPET generated images were compared with experimental PET acquisitions and a conventional synthetic lesion insertion pipeline. VOI (volume of interest) and ROI (region interest) data extraction was performed on all the data. The quantitative metrics included the recovery coefficient (RC), target contrast ratio (TCR), coefficient of variability (COV), and activity profile. ResultsThe simulated effective activities matched the decay-corrected measurements within 0.4-1.2%, confirming high physics-model fidelity. The optimized noise model achieved COV values (3.9-4.0%) comparable to those of the acquisitions (3.8-3.9%). MuPET demonstrated strong agreement with the experimental profiles and quantitative metrics, with mean biases within 10% of the acquisition. ConclusionMuPET establishes a fast (approximately 15 min), physically grounded pipeline that combines transport modeling with PET image simulation, enabling generation of realistic datasets. This approach provides a practical foundation for future dynamic PET simulations. Graphical Abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=109 SRC="FIGDIR/small/25332512v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (44K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16998b9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a9b92eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1bcac12org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1c51342_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG