Uncovering the Tumor-Suppressive Roles of miR-940, miR-375, and miR-326 in Adrenocortical Carcinoma via ceRNA Network Analysis

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic strategies. In this study, transcriptomic profiles from TCGA, GTEx 2025, and miRNATissueAtlas 2025 were integrated to construct ceRNA networks specific to tumor and normal adrenal tissues, leveraging a novel integrative analytical framework specifically developed in this study. Network topology revealed substantial rewiring in tumors, with miR-940 emerging as a tumor-exclusive hub, and miR-375 and miR-326 losing centrality despite marked downregulation. Experimentally validated and negatively correlated miRNA-mRNA interactions were identified, highlighting suppression of key oncogenes. Functional enrichment and PPI analyses demonstrated that the targets of these miRNAs are involved in pathways such as cell cycle regulation, EMT, and transcriptional activation. Survival analysis of target genes confirmed their prognostic relevance. Notably, miR-940 exhibited increased expression in radiation-treated patients, indicating therapy-responsive regulatory response, while miR-375 and miR-326 showed stable profiles. Cross-cancer expression analysis further supported the tumor-suppressive roles of all three miRNAs across multiple malignancies. These findings collectively establish miR-940, miR-375, and miR-326 as context-dependent tumor suppressors in ACC with potential therapeutic and biomarker utility.