Estimating Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Residential Power Outages in Massachusetts from 2013 to 2022 Using Public Records

Power outages are a growing threat to human health. Extreme weather events and strains on the electrical grid can cut off access to critical health-supporting medical equipment and create immense stress. Outages have been associated with premature mortality, pregnancy complications, mental health emergency room visits, and other health outcomes. However, the full scope of health impacts related to power outages have not been quantified, as outage data with high spatial and temporal resolution are not widely available. In this work, we present a methodological framework for constructing a longitudinal, high spatial and temporal resolution dataset of power outages using public records. We apply this method to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, extracting and synthesizing data from daily town-level reports submitted by electricity providers to the Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities from 2013 to 2022. For each town-day, we calculated the fraction of electrical circuits experiencing a power outage and classified this into a tertile categorical variable: Mild, Moderate, or Severe. Across the state, towns experienced an average of 0.05 to 1.7 outages of each category per month, with peaks in March, July, and October. Mild outages were most related to equipment failure or planned maintenance, whereas Moderate and Severe outages were most related to tree interference (35.6% and 50.9% of outages, respectively). Developing suburbs and rural towns experienced the highest frequency of Severe outages, while inner core communities, regional urban centers, and towns with a high density of environmental justice populations experienced more frequent Mild outages. Our dataset reinforces substantial spatial and temporal heterogeneity in power outages, and our methods provide a framework for building similar datasets for future analyses of population vulnerability and health impacts associated with power outages in other states where curated datasets are not available.