Micro RNA mediated enhanced growth in Solanum lycopersicum during cadmium hormesis

Hormesis refers to the adaptive mechanism of organisms in response to environmental challenges where a lower dose of a toxic compound induce an improvement in functionality and overall development and a higher dose endangers even the existence of the organism. The recent developments in hormetic studies are of paramount importance in plant research as they help in risk assessment of environmental contaminants, protect the vegetation against pollution, and improve crop productivity. As one of the most toxic contaminants, cadmium is considered to have detrimental effects on the growth and development of plants. However, recent studies have revealed the beneficial effects of cadmium in plants at low levels of exposure however the exact mechanism behind this phenomenon is poorly deciphered. In this study, we have focused on observing the response of tomato seedlings under different concentrations of cadmium. The morphological, biochemical, and histochemical characterization of these seedlings under low cadmium exposure has confirmed their hormetic effects. The differential gene expression by transcriptomic profiling in low cadmium showed that, apart from genes involved in oxidoreductase activity, and signaling, several lncRNAs, also differentially expressed. The lncRNAs are known to regulate gene expression on the chromatin level and post-transcriptional regulation. First time we are reporting the expression of lncRNAs in hormesis as important factor for enhanced growth. In-silico analysis revealed the functions of lncRNAs, involving the prediction of cis-targets, mi-RNA precursors, and their targets. Two miRNAs; sly-MIR396a and sly-MIR1063g were seen to have a direct role in improving the growth of plants treated with low cadmium provided an insight into the molecular mechanisms of their role in cadmium hormesis. These findings provided important understanding of the molecular basis of the hormetic phenomenon which can pave a path for generating crops with improved agronomic characteristics. Graphical abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=149 SRC="FIGDIR/small/663119v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (27K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8de5b0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e2ad13org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d0f7e2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14238b3_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LILow cadmium exposure on Solanum lycopersicum seedlings showed more promising outcomes in terms of growth and development. C_LIO_LIThe plants exposed to 1{micro}M Cd treatment continued to exhibit superior growth responses despite removing the cadmium from the media after 5 days of treatment. C_LIO_LIThe GO analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) suggested several lncRNAs differentially expressed in 1 {micro}M Cd condition. C_LIO_LIDifferentially expressed LncRNAs Solyc01g006780.4 and Solyc12g019150.1 generated the miRNAs, sly-MIR396a and sly-MIR1063g respectively. C_LIO_LIUpregulation of sly-MIR396a and sly-MIR1063g resulted in the downregulation of GRF12 and NET4B-like proteins respectively leading to increased growth of tomato plants. C_LI