The effect of music interventions in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Several disciplines have approached the relationship between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and music, but most of this understanding comes from cognitive sciences. This complex relationship has been studied by exploring how music-based interventions (MI) can benefit individuals with ASD. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesize a range of evidence regarding the therapeutic effects of music on different aspects, including communication, behavior, social engagement, attention, and quality of life for those with ASD. Additionally, it contextualizes these effects within current research on the musical perception and processing abilities of ASD individuals, emphasizing how they perceive and process music. The studies reviewed employ a variety of methodologies, from randomized controlled trials to qualitative research, showcasing a wide array of interventions such as active music-making, music listening, and improvisational techniques. Despite substantial heterogeneity across studies, the findings point to a moderate overall benefit of MI, particularly in areas such as social interaction, expressive language, and quality of life. Given the evidence supporting the context-sensitive and domain-specific benefits of musical abilities in individuals with ASD, along with the positive outcomes highlighted in various studies, we conclude that music represents a valuable therapeutic tool for ASD. It engages individuals on emotional, cognitive, and social levels, providing a non-invasive and enjoyable way to enhance therapeutic outcomes. Future research should focus on individual differences, harmonization of outcome measures, and long-term effectiveness, paving the way for more personalized and neurodiversity-affirming intervention models.