Historic Redlining and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: A Retrospective Cohort Study

ObjectivesThe discriminatory practice of redlining, coding certain neighborhoods to receive less access to homeowner loans, has been suggested to be strongly associated with poor health outcomes. This study aims to: (1) investigate the relationship between historic redlining and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP); (2) identify current social determinants of health (SDOH) associated with historic redlining; (3) explore the potential network of relationships among these SDOH and HDP. Study DesignRetrospective cohort study comparing pregnancies of women residing in historically redlined neighborhoods (grade D) with women in neighborhoods graded A-C who delivered in Memphis, Tennessee, from 2019-2020. The primary outcome was the development of HDP, measured using risk ratios and multivariable logistic modeling. We used prior literature to identify current SDOH associated with redlining. Where these were continuous, we modeled univariate linear relationships with neighborhood grades. In a third, exploratory analysis, we modeled relationships among current SDOH related to redlining and HDP applying Bayesian network analysis (BNA). FindingsHDP prevalence differed significantly across historic redlining grade levels, with univariate risk ratios of (.59, .55, and .77) for grades A through C, respectively, with grade D as baseline (p = 0.0129). Multivariable logistic modeling showed a 22% increased risk (CI 1.00, 1.50) of HDP for each neighborhood grade. The literature identified eight current SDOHs potentially associated with neighborhood grades; of these, seven were continuous. Univariate regression found that 5 of the 7 had linear associations with neighborhood grades. Our network analysis did not find an association between HDP and current SDOH using BNA. It did show population-level chronic hypertension to be associated with scarcity of current residential loans (2011-2020) and property abandonment. DiscussionOur findings support the growing body of evidence suggesting lasting effects of disinvestment in historically redlined neighborhoods. DisclosuresAudris Mockus, Saunak Sen, Irma Singarella, and Giancarlo Mari provided guidance on the development of study goals and methods. Patricia Goedecke developed the study, collected data, and developed analyses. Kendra Hotz provided content review as a social scientist. Rachel Nelson, Hanah Walker, Anna Belle Gallaher, and Angela Nakahara provided content review as clinicians. Charisse Madlock and Lauren Camp provided structural and stylistic review. All authors reviewed the assembled document and suggested revisions, incorporated by Patricia Goedecke.