Impact of the United Kingdom's smokefree generation policy on tobacco-related equity in England: a simulation study

ObjectivesTo explore how the United Kingdoms smokefree generation policy may affect tobacco-induced inequalities in England by socio-economic status and sex. DesignA yearly discrete-time, individual-level, state-transition microsimulation. SettingEngland from 2027 to 2075. ParticipantsEngland general population born in or after 2009, including breakdown by Indices of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) quintile and sex. InterventionsFour scenarios (baseline, pessimistic, central, optimistic) in which sale of tobacco is prohibited to those born in 2009 or later from 1 January 2027. Proportionate universalism sensitivity analyses in which intervention is 50% more effective in two most deprived quintiles and 50% less effective in two least deprived quintiles. Main outcome measuresSmoking prevalence amongst 12-30-year-olds, equity of smoking prevalence by deprivation as measured by the slope index of inequality and relative index of inequality, and incremental quality adjusted life years (QALYs). ResultsThe central scenario forecast smoking prevalence to be reduced to <5% in 12-30-year-olds by 2049, but not until 2055 for males and not until 2059 for those living in the most deprived quintile. Absolute socio-economic inequalities as measured by the slope index of inequality were reduced but not relative inequalities as measured by the relative index of inequality. Under a proportionate universalism scenario, <5% prevalence is achieved a year earlier (2048) and both absolute and relative inequalities by IMD quintile are non-significant by 2050. By 2075, 87,899 (85,293 - 90,791) discounted QALYs were gained in the central scenario compared to baseline. ConclusionsThe smokefree generation policy has potential to reduce absolute inequalities and achieve significant gains in quality and length of life. Achieving concurrent reductions in relative inequalities will likely require targeted interventions that lead to greater effectiveness in lower socio-economic areas and for males.